THE  LIBRARY  OF  W 

AUG  2 7 1994 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 

llj ' ifti  iiMi  ftlilii  mm® 

A Contribution  Toward  Economic  Development 
and  Permanent  Famine  Relief 


TRUSTEES 

Office,  156  Fifth  Avenue , New  York 

Samuel  Macauley  Jackson,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  President 
Charles  A.  Stoddard,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Vice-President 
W.  Henry  Grant,  Secretary  and  Treasurer 
Warren  P.  Laird,  Sc.D. 

L.  B.  Miller 
Francis  S.  Phraner 

David  Eugene  Smith,  Ph.D.,  LL.D. 

The  President  of  the  College,  ex-officio. 

FINANCIAL  SECRETARY 

Rev.  Herbert  E.  House,  156  Fifth  Avenue,  New  York;  1723  West  51st 
Street,  Los  Angeles,  California 

ADVISORY  BOARD 

Hon.  John  W.  Foster,  LL.D.,  Washington,  D.C. 

Hon.  Seth  Low,  LL.D.,  New  York 

Rev.  W.  A.  P.  Martin,  D.D.,  LL  D„  Peking,  China 

Rev.  Charles  R.  Erdman,  D.D.,  Princeton,  N.  J. 

Frank  Morton  McMurry,  Ph.D.,  Columbia  University,  New  York  1 
Edwin  J.  Gillies,  New  York 

Rev.  Harlan  P.  Beach,  Yale  University,  New  Haven,  Conn. 

Rev.  Thomas  W.  Pearce,  M.A.,  Hongkong,  China 
Rev.  R.  H.  Graves,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  Canton,  China 
Hon.  Amos  P.  Wilder,  Ph.D.,  Shanghai,  China 

FACULTY 

College  Address,  Honglok,  Canton , China 

Charles  X.  Edmunds,  President,  Physics,  Ph.D.  John9  Hopkins 
Andrew  H.  Woods.  Vice-President,  M.D.  University  of  Pennsylvania 
W.  K.  Chung,  Dean,  Department  of  Chinese,  M.A.  Chinese  Government 
Henry  B.  Graybill,  Principal  Preparatory  School,  A.B.  Washington  and  Lee 

M. A.  Columbia 

Clinton  N.  Laird,  Chemistry,  M.A.  University  of  Pennsylvania 
Chester  G.  Fuson,  Geography  and  Drawing,  B.A.  Emporia 
G.  Weidman  Groff,  Agriculture,  B.Sc.  Pennsylvania  State  College 
Arthur  Russel  Knipp,  Physics  and  Engineering,  BA.  Johns  Hopkins,  B.S. 
Massachusetts  Institute  Technology 

Wilfred  E.  MacDonald,  Mathematics,  A.B.  University  of  Tennesiee,  M.A 
. Havard 

Henry  C.  Brownell,  History  and  Bible,  B.A.  University  of  Vermont 
On  leave  as  Rhodes  Scholar,  Oxford. 

Ernest  Joseph  Weeks,  B.A.,  Hamilton 
Charles  Hall  Wicks,  B.A.  Cornell 
Kenneth  Duncan,  A.B.  Wabash  College 
Frank  Starr  Williams,  B.S.  Millsaps  College 


Agricultural  Reciprocity 

BETWEEN 

America  and  China 


Agricultural  Reciprocity  Promoted 
through  the  Canton  Christian  College 
Department  of  Agricultural 
Investigation,  Education  and  Practice 


BULLETIN  No.  5 


AUG  2 7 1924 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


TRUSTEES  OF  THE 
CANTON  CHRISTIAN  COLLEGE 
156  FIFTH  AVENUE 
NEW  YORK 


PRESS  OF 

Sowers  Printing  Company 
Lebanon,  Pa. 


CONTENTS 


i 


* 

c 

%s> 

Cs 


PA  GE 

Intensive  Agriculture  in  America  and  China 


Compared 5 

Extensive  Agriculture  in  America  and  China 

Compared 13 

The  Opportunity  for  Mutual  Helpfulness  . ...  20 

America  Must  Take  the  Initiative 23 

The  Canton  Christian  College: 23 

Location 25 

Climate *. 25 

Agricultural  Conditions 26 

Field. 27 

Opportunity.. 27 

Needs 28 

The  University  Medical  School 28 

The  Agricultural  Department  in  the  Canton 

Christian  College 28 

Suggested  Fields  for  Service: 

Dairy  and  Stock 32 

Agronomy 33 

Forestry 33 

Horticulture 33 

Agricultural  Chemistry 33 

Agricultural  Extension 34 

Irrigation  and  Drainage 34 

Landscape  Architecture 34 

Agricultural  Education 35 

The  Opinion  of  an  Expert  Agriculturist 35 

The  Pennsylvania  State  College  Mission  to 

China 37 

Letters  from  Chinese  Students 39 


CANTON  CHRISTIAN  COLLEGE  STUDENTS  ENGAGED  IN  SCHOOL  GARDEN  WORK. 

Many  of  the  students  prefer  this  form  of  exercise  and  nearly  all  are  lovers  of  plant  life.  They  possess  an  intui- 
tive knowledge  of  each  individual  need  and  characteristic  of  the  growing  plant,  but  they  lack  the  scientific  training  that 
will  make  progress  in  the  agricultural  development  of  their  country  possible.  The  Chinese  are  looking  to  the  Canton 
Christian  College  to  provide  this  training. 


AGRICULTURAL  RECIPROCITY 
between 

AMERICA  AND  CHINA 


A New  Era  in  Agricultural  Development  Has 
Suddenly  Appeared 


America  has  what  China  lacks  and  needs — exten- 
sive AGRICULTURE. 

China  has  what  America  lacks  and  needs — inten- 
sive AGRICULTURE. 

The  American  farmer  invariably  thinks  of  his  field. 

The  Chinese  gardener  is  concerned  about  his  plant. 

In  point  of  agricultural  development  each  has  some- 
thing to  get  and  something  to  give. 

Intensive  Agriculture  in  America  and  China 
Compared. 

An  intensive  system  of  cultivation  and  the  strictest 
economy  of  plant  food  make  it  possible  for  the  Chinese 
to  sustain  a large  population  on  a comparatively  small 
area  of  cultivated  land.  The  scantiness  of  the  living 
thus  gained  and  the  ever-present  spectre  of  famine  are 
not  due  so  much  to  the  lack  of  intensive  farm  methods 
as  to  the  need  of  agricultural  extension  and  means  of 
transportation. 

A mere  glimpse  at  the  land  under  cultivation  convin- 
ces one  of  the  success  of  the  Chinese  gardener,  and  gives 
a vision  of  what  can  some  day  be  done  when  scientific 
knowledge  and  labor-saving  machinery  form  part  of  his 
equipment. 


INTENSIVE  AGRICULTURE  IN  CHINA 

Fields  adjoining  Canton  Christian  College  property,  which  have  been 
ridged  for  leeks  and  other  winter  vegetables.  The  sides  of  each  bed 
have  been  carefully  smeared  with  mud  to  prevent  evaporation,  and 
water  is  always  kept  in  the  trenches.  The  jars  in  the  foreground  are 
used  for  storing  night  soil,  all  'Of  which  is  carefully  saved  and  fed  to 
plant  life.  Lychee  trees  and  junks  line  the  river  banks. 


An  intuitive  knowledge  of  each  individual  need  and 
characteristic  of  the  growing  plant  has  made  possible 
the  Chinese  gardener’s  success.  He  has  inherited  this 
through  centuries  of  close,  almost  loving  observation 
of  plant  life.  Encouraged  by  this  natural  perception, 
he  applies  only  the  best  practices  in  the  economy  of  plant 
growth.  He  cheerfully  expends  any  amount  of  time 
and  energy,  in  order  that  the  need  of  each  plant  may  be 
promptly  met.  Early  and  late,  at  all  periods  of  the 
plant’s  growth,  he  is  deeply  concerned  for  its  greatest 
welfare. 

In  China  seed-time  and  harvest  are  always  accom- 
panied by  special  diligence  and  rejoicing;  but  with  the 
Chinese  these  are  not  the  periods  that  demand  the  most 
careful  thought  and  effort. 

Each  seedling  plant,  be  it  grain,  vegetable,  or  fruit,  is 


0 


started  in  a nursery  environment.  The  seed,  whether 
large  or  small,  strong  or  weak,  must  germinate  under 
none  but  the  most  favorable  conditions.  The  seed-bed 
is  therefore  chosen  with  studious  care  for  sunlight  and 
exposure.  Its  soil  is  specially  prepared,  and  water  in 
sufficient  quantity  is  provided.  After  the  seed  has  been 
sown,  the  soil,  which  is  rarely  rich  in  itself,  is  coated  with 
plant  ashes, 
which  have  been 
carefully  saved 
from  b ur  ned 
grass,  the  princi- 
pal source  of  fuel. 

Only  after  the  bed 
has  been  evenly 
covered  with  a 
mulch  of  rice 
straw  has  the 
work  of  providing 
the  little  plant’s 
start  in  life  been 
completed. 

Meanwhile 
fields  beyond  are 
teeming  with 
plant  life;  for,  to 
secu  re  enough 
food  for  so  many, 
sunshine  and 
space  must  be  used  to  the  utmost.  When  plants  are 
young,  they  are  crowded  in  the  nursery  bed.  The 
harvesting  of  one  crop  is  always  followed  by  the  imme- 
diate planting  of  another.  A person  often  sees  three  or 
four  crops  growing  in  the  same  field  or  bed.  The  weed, 
that  universal  enemy  of  our  American  farmer,  is  seldom 
thought  of  in  China:  ages  ago  it  was  exterminated  as  a 
useless  space  consumer.  The  closest  economy  of  sun- 
light and  water  is  thus  observed.  The  Chinese  have  un- 

7 


A CHINESE  SCARE  CROW 
In  this  case  it  has  been  placed  on  top 
of  a bean  trellis. 


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consciously  applied  a scientific  truth  that  has  but  re- 
cently been  impressed  upon  the  minds  of  the  American 
agriculturists  by  one  of  our  foremost  scientists,  Dr. 
Henry  P.  Armsby,  who  says:  “The  problem  of  food 
supply  is  in  essence  a problem  of  energy  supply..  .The 
density  of  population  which  a country  can  support  from 
its  own  resources  is  practically  limited  by  the  amount  of 
solar  energy 
which  the  farmer 
can  recover  in 
food  products.” 

The  Chinese 
know  that  sun- 
shine and  water 
are  not  enough, 
that  as  surely  as 
men  must  be  fed, 
their  plants  must 
be  fed  also.  The 
Chinese  farmers 
could  not  name 
for  you  the  essen- 
tial plant  foods, 
nitrogen,  phos- 
phorus, and  pot- 
assium, but  they 
know  the  valua- 
ble raw  materials 
which  contain 
these  elements 
and  which  feed  the  plants,  and  they  also  know  in  what 
stage  of  the  plant’s  development  each  kind  of  food  is 
needed.  During  the  days  of  soil  preparation  and  seed- 
sowing they  are  busily  collecting  and  keeping  under 
the  most  favorable  conditions  the  raw  materials  that 
contain  these  elements. 

They  are  adepts  in  processes  of  fermentation  that 
make  the  plant  foods  available  for  immediate  assimila- 


BEDS  OF  CANTON  GINGER. 

In  America  this  product  is  marketed  in 
the  preserved  or  sugared  form.  A crop 
watcher’s  hut  is  in  the  center  of  the  scene 
and  bamboo  trees  are  in  the  background. 
In  the  spring  of  the  year  the  young  tender 
shoots  of  this  tree  are  marketed  as  “bam- 
boo sprouts”  which  to  the  Chinese  is  as 
much  of  a delicacy  as  asparagus  is  to  us. 


9 


tion  by  the  plant.  The  large  earthenware  jar  in  which 
human  excrement  is  stored  is  conveniently  located  with 
reference  to  road  and  field,  and  is  deemed  as  important 
to  successful  gardening  as  is  the  manure  or  plant  com- 
post pile.  Sometimes  this  same  jar  is  used  for  dissolving 
the  peanut  or  bean  cake,  which  consists  of  the  residue 

This  the  Chinese 
recognize  to  be 
rich  in  plant  food, 
but  it  should  not 
be  fed  to  the  plant 
before  it  is  dis- 
solved and  made 
ready  for  assimi- 
lation. 

The  many 
ponds  scattered 
here  and  there 
over  the  land  and 
often  used  for 
irrigation  are  pru- 
d e n 1 1 y stocked 
with  fish;  and 
during  the  dry 
season,  when  the 
water  is  low,  the 
mud  of  the  pond, 
which  is  then  rich 
in  fertilizing  ma- 
terials from  the 
by-product  of  fish  life,  is  smeared  over  the  gardens,  or 
dried  and  broken  into  small  clods,  and  either  scattered 
over  the  field  or  used  in  potting. 

To  the  mind  of  the  Chinese  the  soil  is  therefore  not  a 
mine  of  untold  natural  wealth.  It  is  rather  a machine 
into  which  the  raw  materials  should  be  fed,  and  from 
which  will  then  come  the  finished  product  of  plant  life. 
The  Chinese  dignify  their  gardeners  with  the  title  “fa 

1G 


left  after  the  oil  has  been  extracted. 


A VILLAGE  POND 

This  is  a most  important  feature  of  every 
village  community  in  that  it  is  used  for 
irrigating  and  is  the  only  source  of  sew- 
age disposal.  Yearly  it  is  stocked  with 
fish  and  planted  with  lotus  lilies,  the  seed 
and  roots  of  which  are  used  as  food.  Sur- 
rounded by  bamboo  trees,  with  pagoda  in 
the  distance,  this  pond  forms  an  attrac- 
tive feature  of  the  landscape. 


wong”,  or  “flower  king”;  with  such  dignity  the  worth  of 
expert  gardeners  should  be  universally  recognized. 

America  is  only  now  awakening  to  the  necessity  of 
soil  conservation  and  a more  intensive  agriculture.  In 
the  past  the  wealth  of  her  soil  has  been  wasted;  farms 
that  were  once  productive  have  been  abandoned;  and 
enriching  fertilizing  materials  have  been  thoughtlessly 


MOUNTAIN-SIDE  RICE  PATCHES 
These  are  built  into  steps  for  irrigating  and  to  prevent  the  washing 
away  of  the  soil. 

turned  into  the  rivers,  a practice  that  has  starved  plant 
life,  polluted  the  rivers,  and  poisoned  the  people.  The 
average  American  farmer  has  lacked  the  patience  to 
study  the  individual  characteristics  of  his  plants.  But 
the  time  has  come  when  he  must  follow  the  example  of 
his  brother  across  the  seas  and  become  more  deeply  con- 
cerned about  these  things,  converting  many  of  his  neg- 
lected fields  into  veritable  gardens. 

In  China,  where  such  intensive  methods  of  cultivation 
are  employed,  it  is  natural  that  plant  life  should  take  on 
its  highest  forms,  and  that  certain  districts  should 
be  noted  for  the  production  of  specially  attractive 
types.  The  Amoy  pomelo  or  grape  fruit,  the  Watlam 
orange,  and  the  Lau  Chau  plum  are  all  illustrations  of 

11 


this  fact.  As  one  travels  over  the  country,  how  interest- 
ing it  is  to  note  distinct  changes  in  variety.  How 
strange  to  find  in  one  district  a large,  juicy,  highly-flavored 
pomelo,  while  in  the  district  adjoining,  where  the  soil  and 
climate  are  almost  identical,  a pomelo  of  very  inferior 
quality.  The  result  is  not  surprising.  In  China  there  is 
no  end  to  varieties,  but  few  of  them  have  ever  been 
systematically  brought  together  and  propagated ; and  yet 


SOUTH  CHINA  FRUITS 

The  pear-shaped  pomelo  (grape  fruit)  in  the  background  to  the  left 
and  the  large  persimmon  in  the  foreground  are  especially  worthy  of 
our  study  and  introduction  into  the  United  States.  On  the  right  the 
lychee  and  lung-ngaan  (dragon-eye)  are  fruits  no  variety  of  which  has 
ever  been  successfully  introduced  into  the  United  States. 

many  are  worthy  of  the  study  of  the  various  horticultural 
agencies  throughout  the  world.  The  practical  agricul- 
turist can  well  ponder  over  the  words  of  Mr.  David 
Fairchild,  agricultural  explorer  in  charge  of  the  foreign 
exploration  work  of  the  United  States  Department  of 
Agriculture,  when  he  says,  “We  have  come  to  look  upon 
China  as  a ‘gold  mine’  of  plant  possibilities  and  to  realize 
that  an  agricultural  study  of  its  crops  and  cropping 
systems  must  be  made  much  more  extensive  than  any- 
thing we  have  done  heretofore.  ...” 

12 


The  American  farmer  is  fortunate  in  having  a govern- 
ment that  maintains  specialists  whose  business  it  is  to 
study  plant  types,  and  then  to  advise  him  as  to  those 
which  are  best  adapted  to  the  conditions  under  which  he 
labors.  He  can  well  afford  to  purcha'se  his  seed  from 
seedsmen  whose  reputation  is  dependent  upon  the  suc- 
cess of  their  product.  And  his  orchards  are  all  planted 
from  nursery-grown  stock.  This  custom  in  itself  main- 
tains the  distribution  of  only  the  most  carefully  selected 
and  budded  plants. 

Contrast  this  with  the  practice  in  China,  where  seed 
must  be  privately  grown  or  purchased  without  any  defi- 
nite guarantee  that  it  will  produce  a plant  of  a specified 
type,  and  where  the  gardener  cannot  be  certain  that  he 
is  planting  a tree  of  first-class  quality  unless  he  himself 
has  done  the  budding  or  layering.  The  Chinese  do  not 
have  a knowledge  of  even  the  elementary  principles  of 
Mendel’s  Law  of  Heredity,  and  have  accomplished  little 
in  systematically  developing  new  varieties,  or  even  fix- 
ing the  old  types. 

In  China  there  is  therefore  much  to  be  done  for  agricul- 
tural development  by  a study  and  fixation  of  the  Chinese 
types  of  plant  life  and  by  the  organization  of  the  seed 
and  nursery  business. 

Extensive  Agriculture  in  America  and  China 
Compared. 

With  an  intensive  agriculture  that  excels  that  of  any 
other  nation,  and  with  plant  forms  that  indicate  the  de- 
velopment of  a high  type  of  agriculture,  China  is  never- 
theless constantly  confronted  with  scarcity  and  famine; 
and  the  Christian  people  of  America  and  other  lands  are 
frequently  called  upon  for  relief. 

While  the  immediate  causes  of  these  famines  are 
floods  and  droughts,  both  the  result  of  deforestation, 
permanent  relief  can  be  immediately  effected  by  better 
means  of  transportation,  by  more  comprehensive 

13 


OLD  METHODS  OF  TRANSPORTATION  IN  CHINA 
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OLD  METHODS  OF  TRANSPORTATION^  CHINA 
Freight  Traffic 


RIVER  TRANSPORTATION 

Boatmen  rowing  a load  of  wood  up  the  Pearl  river.  A Chinese  woman  of  Hawka  class  carry- 

ing a load  of  grass  to  the  village  where  it 
is  used  for  fuel. 


schemes  of  drainage,  and  by  an  agricultural  expansion 
leading  to  the  development  of  vast  tracts  of  uncultivated 
land.  A complete  system  of  railway  communication 
for  all  parts  of  the  Chinese  Empire  has  already  been 
planned,  and  American  and  European  capitalists  are 
ready  to  furnish  the  money.  These  railways  will  be 
built  as  soon  as  the  present  upheaval  in  government 
policies  has  subsided.  Red  Cross  Society  engineers  have 
been  at  work  on  specifications  for  a system  of  dykes  that 
will  minimize  the  destructive  force  of  devastating  floods. 
The  more  progressive  Chinese  are  beginning  to  direct 
their  attention  to  outlying  tracts  of  land,  and  a number 
of  companies,  interested  in  agricultural  development, 
have  been  organized  for  the  purpose  of  actually  under- 
taking the  ranch  business,  or  the  growing  of  grains  on  an 
extensive  scale. 


HARROWING  A RICE  FIELD 

The  water  buffalo  (caribou),  and  occasionally  a little  yellow  cow,  are 
the  only  draft  animals.  No  dairy  breed  of  cattle  has  ever  been  pro- 
duced, but  foreigners  sometimes  use  the  milk  of  this  caribou. 

In  China,  at  the  present  time,  nearly  all  the  work  is 
done  by  hand  with  crude  and  clumsy  implements,  and 
on  land  frequently  subject  to  severe  flood  and  drought. 

16 


The  plowing  is  shallow,  and  the  soil  is  often  poorly 
broken  up.  The  cattle  industry  is  only  in  an  elementary 
stage  of  development.  Fertilizing  materials  are  scarce; 
the  rock  or  manufactured  fertilizers  are  rarely  used.  The 
fight  against  insect  pests  and  plant  diseases  is  carried  on 
largely  by  hand. 


TILLABLE  LAND 

not  being  cultivated  because  of  the  lack  of  transportation  and  the 
knowledge  of  extensive  agriculture.  Large  tracts  of  this  land  now 
lie  waste,  awaiting  the  introduction  of  labor-saving  machinery  and 
improved  methods  of  agriculture. 

There  is  a general  belief  that  all  the  territory  of  China 
is  in  an  intensive  state  of  cultivation.  On  the  contrary, 
vast  stretches  of  land  remain  to  be  worked  by  new 
methods.  It  is  known  that  “there  is  enough  wheat 
land  in  northern  China  to  make  a second  Minneapolis 
out  of  Harbin.  And  if  the  by-products  of  the  soy  bean 
were  to  be  fed  to  cattle  grazed  on  the  wild  grass  lands  of 
Mongolia,  Mukden  would  soon  develop  into  a second 
Chicago  meat-packing  center,  and  Manchuria  would 
stand  in  the  front  rank  of  meat-producing  countries.” 

What  is  true  of  the  north  is  likewise  true  of  the  west 
and  the  southwest.  In  this  connection,  a study  of  the 

17 


comparative  density  of  population  in  different  parts  of 
the  Empire  is  interesting.  The  coast  provinces  have  an 
average  of  434  persons  to  the  square  mile;  the  Yang-tse 
river  provinces,  465;  the  southwest  provinces,  89;  Tibet, 
14;  Mongolia,  2;  and  Manchuria,  25.  The  average 
population  in  the  United  States  is  about  26  persons  to 
the  square  mile. 

Even  though  the  Chinese  follow  so  many  good  prac- 
tices in  the  management  of  the  soil  actually  under  culti- 
vation, the  fact  that  large  areas  of  Chinese  territory 
have  been  left  untouched,  in  many  cases  to  suffer  the 
ravages  of  flood  and  drought,  is  proof  enough  that 
systematic  effort  in  soil  preservation  has  been  lacking. 

Probably  no  farm  practice  among  the  Chinese  is  more 
harmful  than  that  of  cutting  away,  from  their  upland 
areas,  the  grass  that  has  grown  during  the  wet  summer 
weather.  This  is  carried  to  the  village,  where  it  is  used 
as  fuel,  and  it  is  then  returned  to  the  soil  in  the  form  of 
ash  rather  than  in  the  decomposed  state.  Thus  the  soil 
is  yearly  robbed  of  humus.  Still  more  serious  is  the 
harm  that  comes  with  the  heavy  rains  of  spring,  because 
there  is  no  fully  developed  plant  life  to  break  their 
force.  In  a few  years  torrential  floods  wash  away  the 
soil  which  it  has  taken  ages  to  form. 

In  China  much  of  the  soil  a short  distance  below  the 
surface  shows  every  indication  of  retaining  valuable 
plant  food.  This  is  due  to  the  shallow  plowing  practiced 
by  the  farmers,  for  which  their  primitive  plows  are 
largely  responsible.  By  plowing  the  soil  deeper  with 
more  modern  plows,  great  quantities  of  plant  food  may 
yet  be  obtained  and  utilized  in  the  production  of  crops. 

If  China  is  to  enter  to-day  upon  an  industrial  develop- 
ment which  will  draw  large  numbers  of  her  agricultural 
population  from  the  villages  to  the  industrial  centers, 
and  which  will  therefore  demand  the  introduction  of 
labor-saving  farm  methods,  her  industrial  program  must 
include  an  agricultural  expansion  that  will  develop  her 
untouched  regions  and  forever  do  away  with  want  and 

18 


famine.  Such  agricultural  expansion  will  raise  the  stan- 
dard of  living  and  open  the  way  to  Christian  civilization. 

For  scientific  knowledge  and  expert  direction  in  this 
momentous  movement  China  looks  to  America,  whose 
experience  and  skill  in  this  type  of  agriculture  are  widely 
known.  The  phenomenal  agricultural  development  of 
the  North  American  Continent  has  resulted  in  methods 
which  aim  mainly  at  the  saving  of  labor.  To  the  Chinese 
of  the  past  econo- 
my in  labor  has 
been  thought  un- 
worthy of  consid- 
eration; to  those 
of  the  future  it 
will  be  of  vital 
consequence. 

Inasmuch  as 
America  has  what 
China  needs  for 
this  new  period  of 
her  development, 
we  s h o u 1 d be 
unselfish  in  giving 
immediately  to 
the  peasantry  of  China  the  knowledge  of  more 
modern  agricultural  methods.  By  actual  demon- 
stration they  must  be  taught  the  inferiority  of 
their  clumsy  hoe.  They  must  see  with  their  own 
eyes  the  value  of  the  sub-soil  plow  and  even 
of  the  steam-plow.  Their  buffalo  cow  must  give  place 
to  a more  modern  draft  animal,  or  yield  entirely  to  the 
work  of  machinery.  The  Chinese  gardener  can  no 
longer  depend  upon  a hand  warfare  against  insect  pests 
and  plant  diseases;  he  must  resort  to  spraying.  And 
the  increased  production  resulting  from  the  use  of  com- 
mercial fertilizers  must  be  firmly  impressed  upon  his 
mind  by  actual  demonstration. 

By  agricultural  instruction  and  investigation  American 

19 


HARVESTING  RICE 
As  soon  as  the  grain  is  cut  it  is  flailed 
by  grasping  the  base  of  the  sheaf  and 
beating  the  heads  against  a board  fastened 
to  a tub-shaped  receptacle,  into  which  the 
grain  falls.  The  straw  is  used  as  fuel  or 
as  a mulch  for  growing  crops. 


A K WANG- SI  FARMER, 

his  wife,  son,  and  servant.  His  son  is  being  educated  in  a modern 
school. 

farmers  have  been  greatly  blessed.  They  should  be 
willing  to  transmit  their  blessings  to  others.  We  4ook 
outward  and  forward  to  the  peaceful  agricultural  con- 
quest of  other  peoples.  In  the  United  States  practical 
labor-saving  methods  have  been  introduced  and  per- 
fected until  only  39  per  cent  of  our  working  population, 
according  to  the  census  of  1900,  were  engaged  in  the  pro- 
duction of  crops;  whereas  it  is  estimated  that  in  China 
from  80  to  85  per  cent  are  thus  engaged.  We  are  moving 
forward  with  great  irrigation  and  drainage  projects,  which 
are  developing  large  areas  of  our  unused  territory,  and 
which  will  make  us  capable  of  advising  China  as  she  ex- 
pands in  her  agricultural  development. 

The  Opportunity  for  Mutual  Helpfulness 

Today,  as  never  before,  America  realizes  the  necessity 
for  conservation  and  concentration  in  agricultural  de- 
velopment. The  farm  machine  will  keep  its  place;  but 
man  must  still  do  his  share  in  thought  and  effort  if  the 
needs  of  the  people  are  to  be  supplied.  Scientific 
knowledge  is  not  enough;  it  must  be  applied.  America 

20 


can  well  afford  to  look  to  China  for  a study  of  the  methods 
there  employed,  and  for  a knowledge  of  the  varieties  of 
plants  that  have  been  grown  by  the  Chinese  for  many 
centuries.  A blessing  will  thus  be  ours  in  any  effort 
that  we  make  to  intermingle  with  the  Chinese.  Amer- 
ican and  Chinese  farmers  can  each  teach  the  other 
some  useful  lessons. 

China  is  a country  chiefly  of  farmers  and  villagers, 
whose  lack  of  contact  with  the  outside  world  and  with 
human  progress  has  kept  them  from  enjoying  all  the 
possibilities  and  blessings  of  life  that  await  them.  In 
China  village  life  is  probably  more  important  and  in- 
fluential than  in  any  other  country  in  the  world.  The 
rural  population  is  therefore  the  best  point  of  contact 
for  a lasting  influence  upon  the  people. 

The  integrity  of  China,  which  means  peace  in  the  Far 
East,  is  dependent  in  a large  measure  upon  her  increase 
in  agricultural  production  at  the  very  time  that  new 


A TYPICAL  CHINESE  VILLAGE, 

the  center  of  farm  life.  The  open  court  in  front  of  the  temple  and 
the  pond,  as  in  the  lower  left-hand  corner  of  this  picture,  are  promi- 
nent features  of  almost  every  village.  The  houses  are  built  of  a mud 
compost  with  tiled  roofs,  and  the  streets  are  narrow. 


21 


industries  are  being  introduced  and  developed.  Such  de- 
velopment will  be  impossible  without  the  introduction  of 
modern  education  and  practice.  The  industrial  centers 
will  draw  large  numbers  of  the  rural  population  to  the 
cities  and  towns,  which  will  necessitate  the  introduction 
of  machinery  and  of  scientific  knowledge  of  agriculture 
in  order  to  increase  agricultural  production.  To  do 
away  with  the  present  constantly  recurring  famines  and 

at  the  same  time 
reduce  the  agri- 
cultural popula- 
tion, China  must 
adopt  modern 
methods  of  agri- 
culture and  de- 
velop the  large 
areas  of  now  un- 
cultivated land. 

In  order  to 
carry  on  in  China 
any  scientific 
agricultural  d e - 
velopment,  and 
make  its  applica- 
tion effectual,  it 
will  be  necessary 
to  train  Chinese 
agriculturists  and 
teachers.  At  the  present  time  a thoroughly  modern 
scientific  agricultural  training  cannot  be  obtained  in 
China.  A few  of  the  Chinese  are  studying  the  subject 
abroad,  but  not  under  conditions  well  adapted  to  China. 
The  present  need  is  therefore  for  a strong  School  of 
Agriculture  located  within  Chinese  territory.  The 
Agricultural  Mission  to  China  is  timely  and  important. 


A VILLAGE  MARKET  SCENE 
One  of  the  most  prominent  features  of 
the  village  market  is  the  cookery — a place 
where  the  moving  public  buy  their  meals 
and  eat  them  squatting  on  the  ground. 


America  Must  Take  the  Initiative 

At  this  time  of  crisis  in  China,  will  America  prove  the 
friend  that  China  needs?  In  the  past  we  have  exerted  a 
beneficial  influence  upon  the  Chinese  Empire.  We  have 
not  encroached  upon  her  territory,  but  have  stood  for 
her  integrity  as  a nation.  We  have  remitted  the  Boxer 
indemnity  for  the  education  of  her  youth.  Within  her 
own  territory  we  have  sought  to  help  her  through  the 
Christian  chapel,  school,  and  hospital;  and  in  time  of 
flood  and  famine  have  sent  generous  supplies  of  food  and 
clothing.  But  at  this  time  of  China’s  still  greater  need 
of  education  and  of  agricultural  and  industrial  develop- 
ment, America  should  take  the  part  of  the  big  brother 
and  help  China  to  her  feet. 


FIRST  PERMANENT  DORMITORY  OF  THE  CANTON  CHRISTIAN 

COLLEGE 

This  building  was  built  with  funds  subscribed  by  ‘the  Chinese. 
They  have  built  another  of  this  same  type,  and  money  has  been  sub- 
scribed for  still  a third  building.  The  grading  and  layout  of  walks  is 
preparatory  to  the  planting  of  trees  and  shrubs  and  the  development 
of  the  college  campus.  The  students  are  at  evening  drill. 

The  Canton  Christian  College 

The  Canton  Christian  College  is  an  undenominational, 
Christian,  missionary  institution,  under  a Board  of 
Trustees,  incorporated  under  the  Regents  of  New  York 
State,  with  assets  of  $200,000  and  a yearly  budget  of 
about  $25,000.  Its  work  is  elementary,  preparatory, 

23 


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THE  CANTON  CHRISTIAN  COLLEGE  SITE 

These  buildings  were  hastily  built  with  walls  one  brick  thick,  and 
are  now  being  replaced  by  the  permanent  buildings.  The  grounds 
await  considerable  grading  before  the  campus  can  be  developed. 

collegiate,  and  technical,  with  about  200  students  and 
a faculty  of  14  American  and  18  Chinese  professors  and 
instructors.  There  are  six  permanent  buildings  and  a 
campus  of  48  acres  located  across  the  river  from  Canton. 

“The  proposed  Agricultural  Department  in  that  noble  in- 
stitution, the  Canton  Christian  College,  may  be  of  great  service  in 
bringing  about,  between  our  agriculture  and  that  of  China,  a bene- 
ficial exchange  of  points  of  superiority. 

“Such  a Department  will  eventually  be  able  to  give  practical  aid 
to  Chinese  farmers  and  to  open  a path  of  hope  to  educated  young 
men,  eager  to  promote  the  economic  regeneration  of  their  country. 
Nothing  could  be  suggested  more  likely  to  convince  the  Chinese  of 
our  good-will  and  to  dispose  them  to  listen  to  whatever  we  offer 
them  in  the  way  of  moral  or  religious  ideas.” 

From  a letter  by  Professor  Edward  A.  Ross,  Professor  of  Sociology 
in  the  University  of  Wisconsin. 

Location.  The  Canton  Christian  College  is  located  at 
Canton,  the  commercial,  literary,  and  official  metro- 
polis of  South  China,  with  a population  of  1,500,000, 
situated  ninety  miles  up  the  Pearl  river  from  Hongkong. 
It  is  the  nearest  Chinese  city  to  American  territory  in 
the  Philippines. 

Climate.  South  China  has  the  most  advantageous 
climate  in  all  China  for  agricultural  effort.  The  two 
Kwang  provinces  are  traversed  by  the  line  of  the  Tropic 
of  Cancer,  and  there  is  found  and  grown  there  a wide 

25 


range  ^of  temperate  and  tropical  plants.  The  climate 
permits  of  the  growth  of  plants  throughout  the  entire 
year,  and  live  stock  demands  but  little  attention  in  the 
way  of  protection  from  the  weather. 

Agricultural  Conditions.  Kwang  Tung  and  Kwang  Si 
are  primarily  agricultural  provinces.  The  former  is 
cultivated  intensively,  and  the  latter  extensively. 
Kwang  Tung  has  an  area  of  100,000  square  miles  and  a 


SINKING  AN  ARTESIAN  WELL  ON  COLLEGE 
GROUNDS 


dense  population  of  319  persons  to  the  square  mile. 
Warm  climate,  abundant  moisture  in  season,  and  fertile 
soil  in  the  lower  areas,  together  with  the  plant-loving 
and  industrious  habits  of  the  people,  make  it  the  most 
productive  section  in  the  Empire,  if  not  in  the  world. 
Here  are  produced  rice,  silk,  sugar-cane,  indigo,  tea, 
tobacco,  and  a wide  variety  of  temperate  and  tropical 
vegetables,  grains,  and  fruits. 

Kwang  Si,  with  an  area  of  77,220  square  miles,  is  the 
most  sparsely  populated  province  of  the  country,  esti- 
mates showing  only  sixty-six  persons  to  the  square  mile. 


The  province  is  abundantly  watered  by  three  streams, 
which  comprise  three  water  basins,  each  of  which  is  only 
very  partially  developed.  Kwang  Si  is  known  as  “the 
granary  of  Kwang  Tung”;  here  are  grown  paying  crops 
of  wheat,  rice,  millet,  maize,  and  buckwheat.  This 
province  produces  about  the  same  fruits  and  vegetables 
that  are  found  in  Kwang  Tung,  though  they  are  often 
of  quite  a different  variety. 

In  both  these  provinces,  though  especially  in  the 
latter,  vast  tracts  of  uncultivated  land  remain  to  be  de- 
veloped. When  the  proposed  railroads  are  built,  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  these  two  provinces  will  be  called 
upon  to  largely  supply  the  market  needs  of  the  north. 

Field.  The  field  is  practically  untouched  in  the  work 
of  agricultural  education  and  investigation. 

Opportunity.  There  is  a widespread  desire  for  know- 
ledge of  western  agricultural  methods.  Agricultural 
investigation  and  development  are  possible  because  of 
the  progressive  character  of  the  Cantonese  people. 
“No  single  agency  can  compare  with  the  superior 
advantages  offered  by  Christian  education  to  mould  the 
new  civilization  of  China’s  millions.” 


A SWIMMING  CONTEST 

No  Canton  Christian  College  student  is  permitted  to  row  on  the 
riyer  unless  he  can  swim  at  least  fifty  yards.  The  trees  in  the  back- 
ground are  those  of  the  lychee,  a fruit  which  the  Chinese  laundryman 
of  L America  often  presents  to  his  patrons.  They  are  often  miscalled 
“Chinese  nuts.” 


27 


MARTIN  HA'LL. 

with  students  and  teachers  assembled  on  verandas.  This  is 
a reinforced  concrete  building.  It  is  fire,  ant  and  typhoon 
proof. 


Needs.  The  Agricultural  Department  of  the  Canton 
Christian  College  needs  the  hearty  cooperation  of 
American  agricultural  colleges  and  experiment  sta- 
tions, and  of  all  friends  of  agricultural  development  in 
its  effort  to  establish  a thorough  course  of  Agricultural 
Education  and  Extension,  including  buildings,  equip- 
ment, teachers,  and  funds  for  the  running  expenses  of 
the  department. 

The  University  Medical  School.  The  University 
Medical  School  is  an  institution  closely  affiliated  with 
the  Canton  Christian  College,  maintained  by  the  Chris- 
tian Association  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  for 
the  purpose  of  graduating  skilled  Chinese  physicians, 
thoroughly  trained  in  western  scientific  medicine.  It 
has  assets  to  the  amount  of  $23,500  and  a yearly  budget 
of  about  $11,000.  Its  staff  consists  of  six  American  and 
two  Chinese  professors  and  instructors. 

The  Agricultural  Department  in  the  Canton 
Christian  College 

For  several  years  the  Canton  Christian  College  has 
been  endeavoring  to  establish  an  Agricultural  Depart- 
ment. It  has  received  substantial  assistance  from  the 

28 


WALKING  PARTY  OF  CANTON  CHRISTIAN  COLLEGE  STUDENTS 
The  Chinese  are  born  students  of  nature,  and  these  walks  are  made  an  occasion  for  observation.  A number  of 
these  students  wish  to  pursue  an  agricultural  course.  Some  are  now  in  America  completing  their  education,  while  still 
others  are  teaching  in  China. 


Pennsylvania  State  College  Young  Men’s  Christian 
Association  toward  the  support  of  a teacher  of  agricul- 
ture. Elementary  agricultural  education  has  been  in- 
troduced in  the  preparatory  school,  and  experimental 
gardens  for  observation  and  practice  have  been  estab- 
lished on  the  College  grounds.  Investigations  of  the 
agricultural  needs  and  possibilities  of  the  two  Kwang 
Provinces  have  been  carried  on,  and  some  plants  have 
been  introduced  into  China  and  others  into  America. 


CULTIVATED  LAND  ADJOINING  CANTON  CHRISTIAN  COLLEGE 
PROPERTY 

which  it  proposes  to  purchase  for  agricultural  purposes.  This  land  Is 
fertile  and  carefully  graded  off  into  beds,  each  at  a level  of  from  one 
to  three  feet  above  the  other  so  as  to  provide  for  irrigating.  Note  the 
cement  white-ant  proof  fence  posts  and  barbwire  fence  at  the  base 
of  the  photograph,  which  mark  the  boundary  of  the  college  property. 
The  trees  in  the  upper  right-hand  corner  hide  'the  village  of  Sun  Fung 
Wong.  Crop-watchers’  thatched  huts  are  scattered  here  and  there 
over  the  land. 


With  this  start  the  College  is  now  in  a position: — 

1.  To  advance  its  agricultural  investigations  by  in- 
troducing American  methods  adaptable  to  China,  by 
showing  what  Chinese  methods  are  adaptable  to  America, 
by  furnishing  American  plants  and  animals  adaptable 
to  China,  and  by  introducing  into  the  United  States 
Chinese  plants  and  animals  adaptable  to  America. 

30 


Photo,  from  U.  S.  Dept,  of  Agr. 


ZIZANIA  LATIFOLIA. 
CHINESE  WILD  RICE  OR  “KAU  SUN.” 

Chinese  Wild  Rice. 


This  plant,  photographed  in  the  green-houses  of  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  at  Washington,  is  one  of  a number  brought  into  the  United 
States,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Canton  Christian  College,  by  one 
of  their  former  students,  Mr.  Chan  Chow. 

The  American  species  of  wild  rice  is  strictly  an  annual,  reproducing 
itself  only  by  seed.  The  Canton  plant  is  a perennial,  reproducing  it- 
self chiefly  by  rhizomes.  This  Canton  species  has  never  been  observed 
to  produce  seed  under  cultivation  except  in  the  Washington  cultures, 
where  this  one  plant  has  grown  several  panicles,  one  of  which  is  seen 
at  the  top  of  the  stem  in  the  upper  right  hand  corner  of  the  photo- 
graph. 


“Kau  Sun” — A Chinese  Vegetable. 

In  China  the  solid  base  of  the  stem  of  this  wild  rice  plant  Is  gath- 
ered in  early  spring  when  it  is  still  very  tender,  cut  into  pieces  two  to 
three  inches  long,  and  marketed  as  a substitute  for  ‘‘bamboo  sprouts.” 
It  is  highly  relished  for  its  peculiar  richness  and  delicacy  of  flavor. 
Westerners  boil  it  and  serve  it  with  melted  butter  or  with  a cream 
dressing.  The  Chinese  prefer  it  stewed  with  meat. 


2.  To  promote  its  agricultural  education  in  its 
Lower  and  Upper  Schools,  and  to  instruct  the  peasantry 
of  China  through  lectures  and  demonstrations;  and, 
through  the  circulation  of  pamphlets  and  bulletins,  to 
inform  the  agriculturists  of  other  lands  what  China  has 
learned  by  ages  of  intensive  cultivation. 

3.  To  establish  agricultural  practice.  Its  own  stu- 
dents are  working  in  the  gardens.  It  is  preparing  to 
establish  nurseries  and  gardens  for  the  fixing  and  pro- 
pagation of  the  best  varieties,  and  is  lending  aid  to 
Chinese  agricultural  development  companies. 

Suggested  Fields  for  Service 

Dairy  and  Stock.  Agricultural  development  in  China 
has  been  chiefly  lacking  in  the  domestication  of  animals. 
The  use  of  milk  would  greatly  improve  living  conditions 
both  among  natives  and  foreigners. 


A TRANSPORTABLE  DUCK  FARM 
A flock  of  this  size  is  cared  for  by  one  or  two  attendants,  who  daily 
search  for  new  feeding  ground  on  submerged  rice  fields,  canals,  or 
other  places.  In  the  evening  by  a peculiar  call  of  the  attendant  the 
ducks  gather  on  the  boat  and  are  given  a little  grain.  It  is  said  that 
as  an  incentive  to  have  them  hurry  the  last  bird  is  given  nothing 
to  eat. 


32 


Agronomy.  Famines  in  China  can  be  overcome 
and  the  standard  of  living  greatly  raised  by  developing 
the  extensive  areas  of  uncultivated  land,  by  the  use  of 
farm  machinery,  and  by  discontinuing  some  of  the  bad 
practices  of  soil  management. 

Forestry.  Floods  and  drought  in  China  are  largely 
due  to  the  deforestation  of  the  mountains.  Much  is 
therefore  to  be  done  for  China  in  the  work  of  reforesta- 
tion. 


A FOG-OBSCURED  SCENE  IN  THE  CANTON  DELTA. 

Photographed  from  Loh  Fail,  the  most  renowned  mountain  of 
South  China  (4,000  feet  high).  In  the  lower  right-hand  corner  Wash 
Au  Toi  is  one  of  the  many  famous  monasteries  of  this  district.  In 
China  the  monks  only  are  careful  to  preserve  the  forests,  and  one  finds 
many  beautiful  spots  near  their  temples.  Beyond  this  wooded  spot 
are  the  uncultivated  foothills  and  watery  rice  fields. 


Horticulture.  This  is  the  logical  department  with 
which  to  begin  agricultural  educational  work.  Horti- 
culture in  China  has  reached  a high  stage  of  development 
as  far  as  the  working  of  the  soil  is  concerned.  But  the 
propagation  and  fixation  of  varieties  are  in  a chaotic 
condition. 

Agricultural  Chemistry.  This  department  is  needed 
to  increase  the  knowledge  and  use  of  commercial  ferti- 
lizers, and  of  chemicals  for  the  combating  of  insect 

33 


enemies  and  plant  diseases.  A profitable  investigation 
of  the  present  methods  of  soil  management  and  ferti- 
lizing materials  now  in  use  in  China  could  also  be  carried 
on. 

Agricultural  Extension.  An  unlimited  field  is  open  to 
this  department  for  most  effectual  and  beneficent 
Christian  work  among  the  peasantry.  Its  success  is 
largely  dependent  upon  the  work  of  the  other  depart- 
ments. 


A COMMON  TYPE  OF  TREAD-POWER  IRRIGATING  PUMP 
These  men  are  pumping  water  from  a canal  and  starting  it  on  its 
way  down  over  a series  of  rice  fields. 


Irrigation  and  Drainage.  The  Chinese  are  born  irri- 
gators, wasting  little  water.  They  know  nothing  of 
large  irrigation  projects  and  need  to  be  taught  how  to 
drain  much  of  their  land,  which  is  now  subject  to  excess 
water  supply.  Much  is  therefore  to  be  learned  and  much 
to  be  taught  concerning  this  subject. 

Landscape  Architecture.  The  Chinese  type  of  land- 
scape development  ought  to  be  studied  before  it  becomes 
too  greatly  influenced  by  that  of  the  West.  In  many 
respects  it  can  be  improved,  but  much  is  attractive  and 


34 


BANYAN  TREES 

of  this  type  are  often  used  in  adorning  temple  grounds  or  as  a setting 
for  a village  entrance.  Unlike  the  banyan  of  India,  the  aerial  roots 
never  reach  to  the  ground  and  it  is  therefore  called  “bastard  ban- 
yan.” It  is  propagated  by  cuttings. 


worthy  of  consideration.  The  campus  at  the  Canton 
Christian  College  offers  exceptional  opportunity  for  the 
working  out  of  an  attractive  development.  Such  a de- 
partment would  be  of  great  influence  in  the  new  planning 
and  laying  out  of  cities  and  homes.  Public  parks  are 
almost  unknown  in  China. 

Agricultural  Education.  Upon  this  department  will 
rest  the  development  of  agricultural  education,  both 
elementary  and  collegiate. 

The  Opinion  of  an  Expert  Agriculturist 

“It  could  not  be  other  than  a matter  of  the  highest 
industrial,  educational,  and  social  importance  to  all 
nations  if  there  might  be  brought  to  them  a full  and  ac- 
curate account  of  all  those  conditions  which  have  made 
it  possible  for  such  dense  populations  to  be  maintained 
so  largely  upon  the  products  of  Chinese,  Korean,  and 
Japanese  soils.  Many  of  the  steps,  phases,  and  practices 

35 


through  which  this  evolution  has  passed  are  irrevocably 
buried  in  the  past,  but  such  remarkable  maintenance 
efficiency  attained  centuries  ago  and  projected  into  the 
present  with  little  apparent  decadence,  merits  the  most 
profound  study  and  the  time  is  fully  ripe  when  it  should 
be  made.  Living  as  we  are  in  the  morning  of  a century 
of  transition  from  isolated  to  cosmopolitan  national  life, 
when  profound  readjustments,  industrial,  educational 
and  social,  must  result,  such  an  investigation  cannot  be 
made  too  soon.  It  is  high  time  for  each  nation  to  study 
the  others  and  by  mutual  agreement  and  co-operative 
effort,  the  results  of  such  studies  should  become  available 
to  all  concerned,  made  so  in  the  spirit  that  each  should 
become  co-ordinate  and  mutually  helpful  component 
factors  in  the  world’s  progress. 

“One  very  appropriate  and  immensely  helpful  means 
for  attacking  this  problem,  and  which  should  prove 
mutually  helpful  to  citizen  and  state,  would  be  for  the 
higher  educational  institutions  of  all  nations,  instead  of 
exchanging  courtesies  through  their  baseball  teams,  to 
send  select  bodies  of  their  best  students  under  competent 
leadership  and  by  international  agreement,  both  east 
and  west,  organizing  therefrom  investigating  bodies 
each  containing  components  of  the  eastern  and  western 
civilization  and  whose  purpose  it  should  be  to  study 
specifically  set  problems.  Such  a movement,  well  con- 
ceived and  directed,  manned  by  the  most  capable  young 
men,  should  create  an  international  acquaintance  and 
spread  broadcast  a body  of  important  knowledge  which 
would  develop  as  the  young  men  mature  and  contribute 
immensely  toward  world  peace  and  world  progress.  If 
some  broad  plan  of  international  effort  such  as  is  here 
suggested  were  organized,  the  expense  of  maintenance 
might  well  be  met  by  diverting  so  much  as  is  needful 
from  the  large  sums  set  aside  for  the  expansion  of  navies; 
for  such  steps  as  these,  taken  in  the  interest  of  world  up- 
lift and  world  peace,  could  not  fail  to  be  more  efficacious 
and  less  expensive  than  increase  in  fighting  equipment. 


GRADUATES  OF  THE  CANTON  CHRISTIAN  COLLEGE  MIDDLE 
SCHOOL, 

The  two  on  the  left  passed  the  government  examinations  and  are 
now  at  the  University  of  Michigan  under  the  Indemnity  Scholarship 
Fund.  The  third  from  the  left  is  a medical  student  in  the  University 
Medical  School.  The  one  on  the  right  is  Principal  of  a Model  Primary 
School,  a work  which  has  been  organized  and  is  fully  supported  by 
the  Canton  Christian  College  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Many  students  of  this  type 
are  now  awaiting  the  introduction  of  an  Agricultural  Course. 


It  would  cultivate  the  spirit  of  pulling  together  and  of  a 
square  deal  rather  than  one  of  holding  aloof  and  of 
striving  to  gain  unneighborly  advantage.”* 


The  Pennsylvania  State  College  Mission  to  China 

The  Pennsylvania  State  College  work  has  been  defi- 
nitely organized  and  the  Horticultural  Department  in  this 
proposed  School  of  Agriculture  in  the  Canton  Christian 
College  is  under  the  supervision  of  a Directing  Committee 
of  Pennsylvania  State  College  men  living  at  State  College, 


♦From  'the  introduction  to  “Farmers  of  Forty  Centuries,”  the  last 
work  of  F.  H.  King,  Professor  of  Agricultural  Physics  in  the  University 
of  Wisconsin,  and  chief  of  the  Division  of  Soil  Management,  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture. 

Those  who  are  interested  in  Chinese  agriculture  and  its  message 
to  the  Western  world  are  recommended  to  read  this  most  scholarly 
work  by  Prof.  King.  The  price  of  this  book  is  $2.50.  Through  the 
kindness  of  Mrs.  King  it  can  be  purchased  from  the  Directing  Com- 
mittee of  the  Pennsylvania  State  College  Mission  to  China,  the  Agent’s 
profits  to  be  devoted  to  the  work  of  the  Mission.  Orders  should  be 
sent  to  Mr.  Ralph  I,.  Watts,  State  College,  Pa. 

37 


Pa.,  and  the^field  and  instructional  work  will  be  carried 
on  by  men  specially  trained  in  the  School  of  Agriculture 
of  the  Pennsylvania  State  College.  There  is  also  an 
Advisory  Board  consisting  of  alumni,  trustees,  members 
of  the  faculty,  and  prominent  agriculturists. 

It  is  the  purpose  of  this  Mission,  through  the  medium 

0 f agricultural 

1 n vestiga  tion, 
education,  and 
practice,  to  aid 
Christian  Mis- 
sions at  work  in 
China  in  promot- 
ing  industrial 
self-su  fficiency 
and  the  growth 
of  Christian  char- 
acter, fellowship, 
and  work  among 
the  Chinese. 

Investigational. 
To  carry  on  in 
China,  especially 
in  the  field  of 
horticulture,  such 
investigation  as 
will  lead  to  a bet- 
ter understanding 
of  Chinese  methods  of  gardening  and  a fuller  knowledge 
of  Chinese  plant  types. 

Educational.  To  assist  the  Canton  Christian  College 
in  its  work  of  agricultural  education  among  the  Chinese 
by  placing  on  its  faculty  men  specially  trained  in  agricul- 
ture and  capable  of  carrying  on  horticultural  instruction 
and  demonstration. 

Practical.  To  establish  on  the  Canton  Christian 
College  campus  nurseries  and  gardens  for  the  collection 
and  the  propagation  of  the  best  plant  types,  both  for 

38 


THE  SHANTUNG  ROSE 

This  rose  Is  propagated  in  the  northern 
province  of  Shantung  and  cuttings  are 
yearly  brought  to  the  southern  provinces, 
where  they  produce  exceptional  flowers. 


practical  demonstration  to  the  Chinese  of  the  most 
modern  nursery  and  seed-growing  methods,  and  for  the 
distribution  of  well-selected  seeds  and  plants. 

Co-operative.  To  establish  a Department  of  Horti- 
culture at  the  Canton  Christian  College  in  the  hope  that 
other  American  colleges  will  found  similar  Missions  at 
the  same  College  in  other  branches  of  Agriculture,  and 
thus  help  to  give  the  Chinese  Empire  the  benefit  of  an 
efficient  and  well  equipped  School  of  Agriculture. 

Letters  from  Chinese  Students 
“Dear  Mr.  Groff: — 

“It  is  almost  one  semester  while  I am  in  school  this  year.  As  I am 
studying  the  subject  of  Chemistry  it  seems  very  interesting  to  me. 
I always  asked  myself,  what  shall  I do  and  where  shall  I go  next  year? 
The  trouble  is  there  are  no  good  agricultural  schools  in  my  native 
land.  .Therefore  the  only  way  to  get  education  in  agriculture  is  to 
go  to  the  country  which  is  well  developed  in  this  work.  Two  weeks 
ago  I and  Mr.  L.  had  a trip  to  Sam  Shui.  We  saw  a good  deal  of 
land  there  is  wasted.  The  people  there  pay  no  attention  to  improve 
their  farms  and  products.  Some  of  them  are  getting  enough  just  to 
support  their  families.  Others  even  get  enough  to  support  them- 
selves. When  the  dry  season  comes,  they  suffer  for  water.  When 
the  wet  season  comes,  they  do  not  know  how  to  drain  the  water. 
Many  times  they  fail  in  their  crops.  They  only  say  it  is  fortunate 
or  unfortunate.  When  I came  to  myself,  nothing  I can  do  besides 
agricultural  work,  and  there  is  no  other  work  which  is  so  important 
as  the  condition  of  China  now.  The  question  of  studying  in  foreign 
country  is  not  easy  to  answer.  As  far  as  I know  it  requires  a large 
amount  of  expenses  for  years.  So  if  there  will  be  no  special  chance  I 
am  sure  I cannot  reach  the  point.  The  hope  which  I expected  is 
upon  you.  You  know  my  condition  better  than  anyone  else. 
Hoping  you  will  send  me  informations  whenever  convenient.  The 
work  of  the  garden  is  going  on  well.  Each  month  there  is  a gain  of 
20  or  15  dollars.”  Sincerely  yours, 


A student  at  the  Canton  Christian  College. 

Dear  Mr.  Groff: — 

Yesterday  I have  sent  you  a copy  of  the  constitution  of  our 
agricultural  company  which  was  written  in  Chinese. ...  I wish  I 

39 


would  translate  it  into  English  if  I had  time  enough.  But  one  special 
point  I want  to  make  more  clear  to  you  is  that  the  purpose  of  our 
company  is  to  develop  the  agricultural  work  in  China  in  order  to 
support  the  establishment  of  schools  at  the  vicinity  of  our  farms. 
This  is  what  we,  members  of  the  company,  devote  to  do.  Moreover 
there  is  something  more  inportant  which  is  to  bring  the  Light  of 
Christ  into  the  soul  of  our  people  whom  we  shall  get  a closer  touch 
with.  You  know  when  we  can  give  them  work  to  do  on  the  farms 
and  when  we  can  open  schools  for  the  boys  and  girls  there  will  be 
more  opportunity  for  us  to  make  friends  with  them;  then  if  we 
preach,  the  influence  will  be  more  effective  than  that  if  we  simply 
talk  nicely  without  actually  doing  anything  helpful  to  them..  .. 

I realize  ourselves  as  men  of  inexperience  and  that  our  work 
seems  to  be  a great  task.  It  seems  that  we  are  unlikely  to  carry  out 
such  a great  work,  but  1 want  to  tell  you  that  we  do  it  not  depend- 
ing on  our  own  wisdom,  or  experience,  but  on  God’s  power.  We  be- 
lieve that  our  purpose  is  right  and  that  God  will  help  us.  Therefore 
if  we  succeed  we  should  not  be  proud;  or  if  we  fail  we  should  not  be 
sorry.  Give  us  advises  whenever  you  can.  If  anything  in  the  con- 
stitution you  don’t  understand  I will  answer  you  at  your  request. . . . 

Very  sincerely  yours, 


: RECREATION  PERIOD — STUDENTS  OF  THE  CANTON  CHRISTIAN 
COLLEGE  IN  THEIR  SCHOOL  GARDEN. 


40 


The  Pennsylvania  State  College  Mission 
to  China 

DIRECTING  COMMITTEE 
State  College,  Pa. 

A.  Howry  Espenshade,  Chairman. 

L.  H.  Dennis,  Vice-Chairman 
Ralph  L.  Watts,  Secretary-Treasurer 
H.  S.  Adams  J.  P.  Jackson 

F.  N.  D.  Buchman  Fred  Lewis  Pattee 

E.  B,  Deeter  A.  L.  Tobias 

W.  J.  Wright 

ADVISORY  BOARD 

Hon.  Jas.  A.  Beaver,  Bellefonte,  Pa. 

Hon.  N.  B.  Critchfield,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Hon.  Wm.  T.  Creasy,  Catawissa,  Pa. 

Hon.  David  Fairchild,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Mr.  Orlando  Harrison,  Berlin,  Md. 

Dr.  Thomas  F.  Hunt,  State  College,  Pa. 

Hon.  Vance  McCormick,  Harrisburg,  Pa. 

Dr.  Edwin  Erle  Sparks,  State  College,  Pa. 

Mr.  Chester  J.  Tyson,  Flora  Dale,  Pa. 

Col.  John  A.  Woodward,  Howard,  Pa. 

Representative  on  the  Field 
G.  Weidman  Groff,  1907. 


The  University  Medical  School 

BOARD  OF  DIRECTORS 
University  of  Pennsylvania,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

OFFICERS 

Edward  C.  Wood,  Chairman 

Thomas  S.  Evans,  Secretary  Marshall  S.  Morgan,  Treasurer 

FOREIGN  DIVISION 

George  Wharton  Pepper,  Chairman 
Samuel  F.  Houston  Charles  J.  Hatfield,  M.D. 

Charles  H.  Frazier,  M.D.  Frederick  Fraley,  M.D. 
William  Campbell  Posey,  M.D.  Warren  P.  Laird 
William  Guggenheim  Shippen  Lewis 

Henry  Hill  Collins,  Jr.  Horatio  C.  Wood,  Jr.,  M.D. 
James  F.  Magee,  Jr.  Rev. Floyd W. Tomkins,  S.T.D. 

Rufus  B.  Scarlett,  M.D.  Francis  S.  McIlhenny 

FACULTY 

J.  C.  McCracken,  M.A.,  M.D.,  University  of  Pennsylvania 

W.  W.  Cadbury,  M.A.,  M.D.,  University  of  Pennsylvania 

T.  M.  Li,  M.D.,  University  of  Pennsylvania 

H.  J.  Howard,  M.D.,  University  of  Pennsylvania 

Miss  Mabel  Strawbridge  Macher,  Bryn  Mawr  Hospital 

Miss  Marian  R.  Taylor,  Secretary 

Mrs.  Mary  Strawbridge  Macher,  Hospital  Matron 


